Paediatric Pulmonology is a discipline of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and management of a variety of lung diseases. Almost all diseases will terminate in the lungs. Some examples include neurological problems, heart disease and autoimmune disease. Pulmonology also encompasses the diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases that babies may be born with, especially term or near term babies that require prolonged ventilation, and prolonged oxygen therapy after birth. Preterm babies may also have underlying lung disorders not related to their prematurity. These are disease like pneumonia, bronchiolitis, sleep disorders, or any type of breathing problems.

Paediatric allergy and immunology, is a discipline of medicine that deals with allergies and immune deficiency disorders that that can manifest as early as birth. Allergies can present with feeding difficulties, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal distension, crying, often diagnosed as colic or reflux, with no response to therapy. Frequent milk changes, which fails to improve the problem. Some children will experience severe weight loss or poor weight gain. Children with allergic diseases respond abnormally to a variety of stimulants like pollen, grass, moulds, animals, or foods, formula, insect bites etc. These individuals may have infantile eczema, hay fever, blocked or runny nose, wheezing or asthma, and in extreme forms, can present with anaphylaxis, which is life threatening.